Guide to taking shoe measurements
How to take measurements to calculate shoe size
The two most reliable ways to find out what shoe size a child should wear are the following:
1st. Removing the insole.
One way to choose the right shoe size for a child is to remove the insole, if possible. Once removed, it should be measured against the child's foot. Ideally, there should be about one centimeter of length left, and the widest part of the foot should match the widest part of the insole or shoe.
2nd. Tracing the outline of the foot.
If the insole is not removable, one technique to consider is to trace the outline of the child's foot on cardboard or a sheet of paper. To do this, hold the child's foot without resting it on the ground and trace the sole onto the cardboard or paper. This is to prevent the soft areas from widening when bearing vertical weight. After this, you would simply insert the false insole into the desired shoe and see if it fits well.

The insole traced on cardboard or paper should be done for both feet, as the two feet are not identical. One might be wider than the other, longer, or have a different toe. This can lead to one foot feeling uncomfortable while the other feels perfectly comfortable.
Below is a table of measurements and sizes:

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